Climate change means the low-lying Marshall Islands must consider drastic measures, including building new artificial islands.

This article was originally published on. Read the.At first glance, it may not seem so, but the story of the now-vanished island of Nahlapenlohd, a couple of miles south of Pohnpei Island in Micronesia, holds some valuable lessons about recent climate change in the western Pacific.In 1850, Nahlapenlohd was so large that not only did it support a sizable coconut forest, but it was able to accommodate a memorable battle between the rival kingdoms of Kitti and Madolenihmw. The skirmish was the first in Pohnpeian history to involve the European sailor-mercenaries known as and to be fought with imported weapons like cannons and muskets.Today the island is no more. The oral histories tell that so much blood was spilled in this fierce battle that it stripped the island of all its vegetation, causing it to beneath the waves.Like many oral tales, this one tries to explain island disappearance post-1850 by making reference to a historical event. But in light of what we know today, the more plausible cause of the island's disappearance is the sea level rise in the western Pacific since the early 19th century, which has.

The disappearance of islands in the Solomon Islands in the southwest Pacific has. Further north, the same is true of several reef islands off Pohnpei. The island of Laiap has shrunk since 2007. NunnWhy are islands in the western Pacific becoming the earliest casualties of sea level rise? Partly because sea levels in this region have risen at two to three times the global average over the past few decades.In parts of Micronesia, sea level has, far outpacing the global average of 3.1 mm a year. While this rate is unlikely to be sustained indefinitely, the current trend would raise sea levels by a further 30 to 40 cm (11.8 to 15.7 inches) by mid-century if it were to continue.What's more, reef islands are particularly vulnerable to erosion by rising seas, being made almost entirely of sand and gravel. Whole islands—even some island nations with which we are familiar today—are likely to be rendered uninhabitable or even disappear within the next 30 years.

These include islands in nations like Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Tokelau and Tuvalu, as well as some in other island nations that comprise mostly larger islands, such as the Federated States of Micronesia, of which Pohnpei is one. Armored islandsYet we should note that not all of Pohnpei's reef islands are disappearing, at least not at the same rate, and some have fortuitously evolved protection that will likely help them outlive their neighbors.The coasts of some islands—like Kehpara and Nahlap—are 'armored' by beaches of huge boulders left there by large storms, often along their most exposed coasts. Other reef islands off Pohnpei's leeward coast, such as Dawahk, are becoming 'skeletonized' as waves wash across the island removing the sand and leaving only rocks, held in place by a maze of giant mangrove roots.Whether or not the islands themselves succumb or survive, sea level rise is a clear threat to their habitability for humans. Short-term interventions—either natural fortifications such as boulder beaches, or human-built defenses such as seawalls—are unlikely to change the long-term outcome.This underscores the fact that low-lying reef islands are transient—most Pacific reef islands after sea levels fell and sediment began to pile up on exposed reef platforms.

The sea will remove today's islands, just as it has washed away countless others before.But, of course, we cannot ignore the human dimension. While only a few dozen people today call the reef islands of Pohnpei home, they are similar to many larger reef islands in Micronesia from which people may well be involuntarily displaced during the next few decades. Where these people might go, and how they can be accommodated in ways that preserve their dignity as well as their, are very real questions for community leaders. The low-lying island of Kiribati is expected to be lost to sea level rise in the near future.

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade/FlickrPeople first reached the islands of Micronesia from the Philippines, after an unbroken ocean crossing of 2,300 km (1,430 miles). It's an extraordinary achievement when you consider that people in most other parts of the world at that time rarely sailed out of sight of land. To have survived on islands in the middle of the ocean for more than three millennia, Micronesians and other Pacific Islanders must have developed considerable resilience.On high islands in Micronesia, the evidence for this is manifest. Ancient stonework constructions line many parts of the coastline, testament to a long history of resisting shoreline change, and sometimes of.Perhaps nowhere is more evocative of this today than Nan Madol, a megalithic complex built 1,000 years ago on 93 artificial islands off southeast Pohnpei.

There are many explanations about why Nan Madol was created. Perhaps the truth is that it is an expression of dogged human resilience—one of hundreds along Micronesian coasts—in the face of an unruly nature.I thank my co-researchers on the project focused on Pohnpei's reef islands, Augustine Kohler from the Department of National Archives, Culture and Historic Preservation of the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, and my colleague Roselyn Kumar from the University of the Sunshine Coast's Sustainability Research Centre.is Professor of Geography, Sustainability Research Centre at the, Australia.

.The Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas) was a 10-week between and the in 1982 over two in the South Atlantic: the and,.The conflict began on 2 April, when and, followed by the the next day. On 5 April, the British government dispatched a to engage the and before making an amphibious assault on the islands.

The conflict lasted 74 days and ended with an Argentine surrender on 14 June, returning the islands to British control. In total, 649 Argentine military personnel, 255 British military personnel, and three died during the hostilities.The conflict was a major episode in the over the territories'. Argentina asserted (and maintains) that the islands are Argentine territory, and the Argentine government thus characterised its military action as the reclamation of its own territory. The British government regarded the action as an invasion of a territory that had been a since 1841. Falkland Islanders, who have inhabited the islands since the early 19th century, are predominantly descendants of British settlers, and strongly. Neither state officially, although both governments declared the Islands a war zone.The conflict has had a strong effect in both countries and has been the subject of various. Patriotic sentiment ran high in Argentina, but the outcome prompted large protests against the, hastening its downfall and the.

In the United Kingdom, the government, bolstered by the successful outcome,. The cultural and political effect of the conflict has been less in the UK than in Argentina, where it remains a common topic for discussion.Diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina were restored in 1989 following a meeting in, at which the two governments issued a joint statement. No change in either country's position regarding the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands was made explicit.

In 1994, Argentina's claim to the territories was added to. Main article: Failed diplomacy In 1965, the United Nations called upon Argentina and the United Kingdom to reach a settlement of the sovereignty dispute. The UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) regarded the islands as a nuisance and barrier to UK trade in South America, so, whilst confident of British sovereignty, was prepared to cede the islands to Argentina. When news of a proposed transfer broke in 1968, elements sympathetic with the plight of the islanders were able to organise an effective Parliamentary lobby to frustrate the FCO plans.

Negotiations continued but in general failed to make meaningful progress; the islanders steadfastly refused to consider Argentine sovereignty on one side, whilst Argentina would not compromise over sovereignty on the other. The FCO then sought to make the islands dependent on Argentina, hoping this would make the islanders more amenable to Argentine sovereignty. A Communications Agreement signed in 1971 created an airlink and later YPF the Argentine oil company was given a monopoly in the islands. In 1980, a new, went to the Falklands trying to sell the islanders the benefits of a scheme, which met with strong opposition from the islanders. On returning to London in December 1980 he reported to parliament but was viciously attacked at what was seen as a sellout. (It was unlikely that leaseback could have succeeded since the British had sought a long term lease of 99 years, whilst Argentina was pressing for a much shorter period of only 10 years.) At a private committee meeting that evening, it was reported that Ridley cried out: 'If we don't do something, they will invade.

And there is nothing we could do.' The 1976 military coup and the Argentine junta.

Leader of theIn the period leading up to the war—and, in particular, following the transfer of power between the military dictators General and General late in March 1981—Argentina had been in the midst of devastating economic stagnation and large-scale civil unrest against the that had been governing the country since 1976. In December 1981 there was a further change in the Argentine military regime, bringing to office a new junta headed by General (acting president), Air Brigadier and Admiral.

Anaya was the main architect and supporter of a military solution for the long-standing claim over the islands, calculating that the United Kingdom would never respond militarily.By opting for military action, the Galtieri government hoped to mobilise the long-standing patriotic feelings of Argentines towards the islands, and thus from the country's chronic economic problems and the regime's ongoing human rights violations of the. Such action would also bolster its dwindling legitimacy.

The newspaper speculated in a step-by-step plan beginning with cutting off supplies to the islands, ending in direct actions late in 1982, if the UN talks were fruitless.The ongoing tension between the two countries over the islands increased on 19 March, when a group of Argentine scrap metal merchants (actually infiltrated by ) raised the at, an act that would later be seen as the first offensive action in the war. The Royal Navy ice patrol vessel was dispatched from Stanley to South Georgia on the 25th in response.

The Argentine military junta, suspecting that the UK would reinforce its South Atlantic Forces, ordered the to be brought forward to 2 April.The UK was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker (commander of the Endurance) and others. Barker believed that Defence Secretary 's 1981 review (in which Nott described plans to withdraw the Endurance, the UK's only naval presence in the South Atlantic) had sent a signal to the Argentines that the UK was unwilling, and would soon be unable, to defend its territories and subjects in the Falklands.

Argentine invasion. Argentine soldiers in Port Stanley, 2 April 1982On 2 April 1982 Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings, known as Operation Rosario, on the Falkland Islands. The invasion was met with a nominal defence organised by the, giving command to Major Mike Norman of the.

The events of the invasion included the landing of Guillermo Sanchez-Sabarots', the attack on Moody Brook barracks, the engagement between the troops of Hugo Santillan and Bill Trollope at, and the final engagement and surrender at.Initial British response. Further information:, andWord of the invasion first reached the UK from Argentine sources. A operative in London had a short conversation with Governor Hunt's telex operator, who confirmed that Argentines were on the island and in control. Later that day, journalist spoke with an islander at via, who confirmed the presence of a large Argentine fleet and that Argentine forces had taken control of the island. British military operations in the Falklands War were given the codename Operation Corporate, and the commander of the task force was Admiral Sir.

Operations lasted from 1 April 1982 to 20 June 1982. The cover of magazine, 19 April 1982, depicting, flagship of the British Task Force. The headline evokes the 1980.The British undertook a series of military operations as a means of recapturing the Falklands from Argentine occupation, though the British had already taken action prior to the 2 April invasion. In response to events on South Georgia, the submarines and were ordered to sail south on 29 March, whereas the stores ship (RFA) was dispatched from the Western Mediterranean to support HMS Endurance.

Had wished to send a third submarine, but the decision was deferred due to concerns about the impact on operational commitments. Coincidentally, on 26 March, the submarine left and it was assumed in the press it was heading south. There has since been speculation that the effect of those reports was to panic the Argentine junta into invading the Falklands before nuclear-powered submarines could be deployed.The following day, during a crisis meeting headed by the Prime Minister, the Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Sir, advised them that 'Britain could and should send a task force if the islands are invaded'. On 1 April, Leach sent orders to a force carrying out in the Mediterranean to prepare to sail south. Following the invasion on 2 April, after an emergency meeting of the cabinet, approval was given to form a task force to retake the islands. This was backed in an emergency session of the the next day.On 6 April, the British Government set up a to provide day-to-day political oversight of the campaign.

If you won the battle you could claim that ghost as yours.Investigating through the story cost you health points. To join a guild you had to be a level 10 or above.To create one you had to be level 20+To create or close a guild you neededsilver coins, and it may look like a lot but it wasn't that hard to save 100,000 silver.If guild members donated silver to their guild they received items. If you ran out of health points you had to rest for a while until your health bar was full or at least enough for you to continue. Ayakashi ghost guild mira png. )To investigate you only had to keep clicking the ' investigate' option.While investigating you moved through different places and encountered various ghosts which you had to battle. If you didn't feel like waiting you could use an item to fill your health.

This was the critical instrument of crisis management for the British with its remit being to 'keep under review political and military developments relating to the South Atlantic, and to report as necessary to the Defence and Overseas Policy Committee'. The War Cabinet met at least daily until it was dissolved on 12 August. Although Margaret Thatcher is described as dominating the War Cabinet, notes in the Official History of the Falklands Campaign that she did not ignore opposition or fail to consult others. However, once a decision was reached she 'did not look back'.

Position of third party countries On the evening of 3 April, the United Kingdom's United Nations ambassador Sir put a draft resolution to the. The resolution, which condemned the hostilities and demanded the immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands, was adopted by the council the following day as, which passed with ten votes in support, one against (Panama) and four abstentions (China, the Soviet Union, Poland and Spain). The UK received further political support from member countries of the and the. Australia, Canada, and New Zealand withdrew their diplomats from Buenos Aires. The EEC also provided economic support by imposing economic sanctions on Argentina.Argentina itself was politically backed by a majority of countries in (though, notably, not ). Some members of the also backed Argentina's position.The New Zealand government expelled the Argentine ambassador following the invasion.

The Prime Minister, was in London when the war broke out and in an opinion piece published in he said: 'The military rulers of Argentina must not be appeased New Zealand will back Britain all the way.' Broadcasting on the, he told the Falkland Islanders: 'This is Rob Muldoon.

We are thinking of you and we are giving our full and total support to the British Government in its endeavours to rectify this situation and get rid of the people who have invaded your country.” On 20 May 1982, he announced that New Zealand would make, a, available for use where the British thought fit to release a Royal Navy vessel for the Falklands. In the House of Commons afterwards, Margaret Thatcher said: “the New Zealand Government and people have been absolutely magnificent in their support for this country and the Falkland Islanders, for the rule of liberty and of law'.The French president, declared an embargo on French arms sales and assistance to Argentina. In addition, France allowed UK aircraft and warships use of its port and airfield facilities at Dakar in Senegal and France provided so that Harrier pilots could train against the French aircraft used by Argentina. French intelligence also cooperated with Britain to prevent Argentina from obtaining more missiles on the international market. In a 2002 interview, and in reference to this support, the then British Defence Secretary, had described France as Britain's 'greatest ally'. In 2012, it came to light that while this support was taking place, a French technical team, employed by and already in Argentina, remained there throughout the war despite the presidential decree.

The team had provided material support to the Argentines, identifying and fixing faults in Exocet missile launchers. John Nott said he had known the French team was there but said its work was thought not to be of any importance. An adviser to the then French government denied any knowledge at the time that the technical team was there. In contrast, a then French intelligence officer maintained he knew the team was there but it was in an intelligence-gathering capacity. John Nott, when asked if he regretted his earlier praise of the French, said he thought the French were 'duplicitous', and 'always have been'.The Sierra Leone government allowed British task force ships to refuel at Freetown. VC10 transport aircraft landed at Banjul in The Gambia while flying between the UK and Ascension Island.Declassified cables show the U.S. Felt that Thatcher had not considered diplomatic options, and also feared that a protracted conflict could draw the on Argentina's side, and initially tried to mediate an end to the conflict through '.

However, when Argentina refused the U.S. Peace overtures, U.S. Secretary of State announced that the United States would prohibit arms sales to Argentina and provide material support for British operations. Both houses of the passed resolutions supporting the U.S.

Action siding with the United Kingdom.The U.S. Provided the United Kingdom with missiles for use by the Harrier jets. President approved the Royal Navy's request to borrow the -capable amphibious assault ship if the British lost an aircraft carrier. The developed a plan to help the British man the ship with American, likely retired sailors with knowledge of Iwo Jima 's systems.In 2012, declassified files from the Reagan Library showed that the U.S. Secretary of State, Alexander Haig, wanted Reagan to side with Argentina over the Falklands.attempted to purchase 12 Exocet missiles from France to be delivered to Argentina, in a failed secret operation.gave support to the UK in the form of intelligence about the Argentine military and early warning intelligence on Argentine air movements. Throughout the war, Argentina was afraid of a Chilean military intervention in Patagonia and kept some of its best mountain regiments away from the Falklands near the Chilean border as a precaution. The Chilean government also allowed the United Kingdom to requisition the refueling vessel, which Chile had recently purchased and which had arrived at in Chile on 4 April.

The ship left port soon afterwards, bound for through the and stopping at en route.According to the book Operation Israel, advisers from were already in Argentina and continued their work during the conflict. The book also claims that Israel sold weapons and in a secret operation in Peru. Peru also openly sent ', pilots and missiles' to Argentina during the war.

Peru had earlier transferred ten Hercules transport planes to Argentina soon after the British Task Force had set sail in April 1982. Nick van der Bijl records that, after the Argentine defeat at Goose Green, Venezuela and Guatemala offered to send paratroopers to the Falklands. Through, under, Argentina received 20 launchers and 60 missiles, as well as machine guns, mortars and mines; all in all, the load of four trips of two of the AAF, refuelled in with the knowledge and consent of the Brazilian government. Some of these clandestine logistics operations were mounted by the.

British task force. Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm.

The gloss paint scheme was altered to a duller one en route south.The British government had no contingency plan for an invasion of the islands, and the task force was rapidly put together from whatever vessels were available. The nuclear-powered submarine set sail from France on 4 April, whilst the two aircraft carriers and, in the company of escort vessels, left only a day later. On its return to Southampton from a world cruise on 7 April, the ocean liner was requisitioned and set sail two days later with aboard. The ocean liner was also requisitioned and left on 12 May with on board. The whole task force eventually comprised 127 ships: 43 vessels, 22 ships and 62.The retaking of the Falkland Islands was considered extremely difficult. The chances of a British counter-invasion succeeding were assessed by the US Navy, according to historian, as 'a military impossibility'. Firstly, the British were significantly constrained by the disparity in deployable air cover.

The British had 42 aircraft (28 and 14 ) available for air combat operations, against approximately 122 serviceable jet fighters, of which about 50 were used as and the remainder as, in. Crucially, the British lacked (AEW) aircraft. Planning also considered the Argentine surface fleet and the threat posed by -equipped vessels or the two submarines.By mid-April, the had set up the airbase of, co-located with Wideawake Airfield on the mid- British overseas territory of, including a sizeable force of B Mk 2 bombers, K Mk 2, and to protect them. Meanwhile, the main British naval task force arrived at Ascension to prepare for active service. A small force had already been sent south to recapture South Georgia.Encounters began in April; the British Task Force was shadowed by aircraft of the during their travel to the south. Several of these flights were intercepted by Sea Harriers outside the British-imposed exclusion zone; the unarmed 707s were not attacked because diplomatic moves were still in progress and the UK had not yet decided to commit itself to armed force. On 23 April, a Brazilian commercial from Airlines en route to South Africa was intercepted by British Harriers who visually identified the civilian plane.

Recapture of South Georgia and the attack on Santa Fe The South Georgia force, under the command of Major Guy Sheridan RM, consisted of Marines from, a troop of the (SAS) and (SBS) troops who were intended to land as forces for an invasion by the Royal Marines. All were embarked on. First to arrive was the HMS Conqueror on 19 April, and the island was over-flown by a radar-mapping on 20 April. The (as ) in 1956The first landings of SAS troops took place on 21 April, but—with the southern hemisphere autumn setting in—the weather was so bad that their landings and others made the next day were all withdrawn after two helicopters crashed in fog on. Senran kagura peach beach splash wiki.

On 23 April, a submarine alert was sounded and operations were halted, with Tidespring being withdrawn to deeper water to avoid interception. On 24 April, the British forces regrouped and headed in to attack.On 25 April, after resupplying the Argentine garrison in South Georgia, the submarine was spotted on the surface by a HAS Mk 3 helicopter from, which attacked the Argentine submarine with.

Launched a HAS.Mk.1 helicopter, and launched a HAS Mk 2. The Lynx launched a, and the submarine with its -mounted; the Wessex also fired on Santa Fe with its. The Wasp from as well as two other Wasps launched from fired at the submarine, scoring hits.

Santa Fe was damaged badly enough to prevent her from diving. The crew abandoned the submarine at the jetty at on South Georgia.With Tidespring now far out to sea, and the Argentine forces augmented by the submarine's crew, Major Sheridan decided to gather the 76 men he had and make a direct assault that day.

After a short forced march by the British troops and a naval bombardment demonstration by two Royal Navy vessels ( Antrim and Plymouth), the Argentine forces surrendered without resistance. The message sent from the naval force at South Georgia to London was, 'Be pleased to inform Her Majesty that the flies alongside the in South Georgia. God Save the Queen.' The Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, broke the news to the media, telling them to 'Just rejoice at that news, and congratulate our forces and the Marines!' Black Buck raids. RAF B.Mk.2On 1 May British operations on the Falklands opened with the 'Black Buck 1' attack (of a series of five) on the airfield at Stanley. A from flew on an 8,000-nautical-mile (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) round trip dropping conventional bombs across the runway at Stanley and back to Ascension.

The mission required repeated, and required several Victor K2 tanker aircraft operating in concert, including tanker-to-tanker refuelling. The overall effect of the raids on the war is difficult to determine, and the raids consumed precious tanker resources from Ascension, but also prevented Argentina from stationing fast jets on the islands.Historian, who was given access to official sources, comments that the significance of the Vulcan raids remains controversial.

Although taking pressure off the small Sea Harrier force, the raids were costly and used a great deal of resources. The single hit in the centre of the runway was probably the best that could have been expected but it did reduce the capability of the runway to operate fast jets and caused the Argentine air force to deploy Mirage III to defend the capital. Argentine sources confirm that the Vulcan raids influenced Argentina to withdraw some of its Mirage IIIs from Southern Argentina to the Buenos Aires Defence Zone. This dissuasive effect was watered down when British officials made clear that there would not be strikes on air bases in Argentina. The raids were later dismissed as propaganda by Falklands veteran Commander Nigel Ward.Of the five Black Buck raids, three were against Stanley Airfield, with the other two anti-radar missions using. Escalation of the air war.

French-built of theThe Falklands had only three airfields. The longest and only paved runway was at the capital, and even that was too short to support fast jets (although an was fitted in April to support Skyhawks).

Therefore, the Argentines were forced to launch their major strikes from the mainland, severely hampering their efforts at forward staging, and over the islands. The effective loiter time of incoming Argentine aircraft was low, and they were later compelled to overfly British forces in any attempt to attack the islands.The first major Argentine strike force comprised 36 aircraft (, and escorts), and was sent on 1 May, in the belief that the British invasion was imminent or landings had already taken place. Only a section of Grupo 6 (flying IAI Dagger aircraft) found ships, which were firing at Argentine defences near the islands.

The Daggers managed to attack the ships and return safely. This greatly boosted morale of the Argentine pilots, who now knew they could survive an attack against modern warships, protected by radar ground clutter from the islands and by using a late profile. Meanwhile, other Argentine aircraft were intercepted by operating from. A Dagger and a Canberra were shot down.Combat broke out between Sea Harrier FRS Mk 1 fighters of No. 801 Naval Air Squadron and fighters of Grupo 8. Both sides refused to fight at the other's best altitude, until two Mirages finally descended to engage. One was shot down by an (AAM), while the other escaped but was damaged and without enough fuel to return to its mainland air base.

The plane made for Stanley, where it fell victim to friendly fire from the Argentine defenders.As a result of this experience, Argentine Air Force staff decided to employ A-4 Skyhawks and Daggers only as strike units, the Canberras only during the night, and Mirage IIIs (without air refuelling capability or any capable AAM) as decoys to lure away the British Sea Harriers. The decoying would be later extended with the formation of the, a squadron of civilian jets flying 24 hours a day, simulating strike aircraft preparing to attack the fleet. On one of these flights on 7 June, an Air Force A was shot down, killing the squadron commander, Vice Commodore Rodolfo De La Colina, the highest-ranking Argentine officer to die in the war.Stanley was used as an Argentine strongpoint throughout the conflict. Despite the Black Buck and Harrier raids on Stanley airfield (no fast jets were stationed there for air defence) and overnight shelling by detached ships, it was never out of action entirely. Stanley was defended by a mixture of (SAM) systems (Franco-German and British ) and Swiss-built. Alferez SobralTwo British naval task forces (one of surface vessels and one of submarines) and the Argentine fleet were operating in the neighbourhood of the Falklands and soon came into conflict. The first naval loss was the -vintage Argentine.

The sank General Belgrano on 2 May. Three hundred and twenty-three members of General Belgrano 's crew died in the incident. More than 700 men were rescued from the open ocean despite cold seas and stormy weather. The losses from General Belgrano totalled nearly half of the Argentine deaths in the Falklands conflict and the loss of the ship hardened the stance of the Argentine government.Regardless of —including disagreement about the exact nature of the maritime exclusion zone and whether General Belgrano had been returning to port at the time of the sinking—it had a crucial strategic effect: the elimination of the Argentine naval threat. After her loss, the entire Argentine fleet, with the exception of the diesel-powered submarine, returned to port and did not leave again during the fighting. The two escorting and the battle group centred on the aircraft carrier both withdrew from the area, ending the direct threat to the British fleet that their had represented.However, settling the controversy in 2003, the ship's captain Hector Bonzo confirmed that General Belgrano had actually been manoeuvering, not 'sailing away' from the exclusion zone, and had orders to sink 'any British ship he could find'. Further, Captain Bonzo stated that any suggestion that HMS Conqueror 's actions were a 'betrayal' was utterly wrong; rather, the submarine carried out its duties according to the accepted rules of war.In a separate incident later that night, British forces engaged an Argentine patrol gunboat, the, that was searching for the crew of the Argentine Air Force Canberra light bomber shot down on 1 May.

Two Royal Navy helicopters fired four missiles at her. Badly damaged and with eight crew dead, Alferez Sobral managed to return to two days later.

The Canberra's crew were never found.Sinking of HMS Sheffield. British sailors in at action stations on near San Carlos, June 1982During the night of 21 May, the British Amphibious Task Group under the command of Commodore Michael Clapp (Commodore, Amphibious Warfare – COMAW) mounted, the amphibious landing on beaches around, on the northwestern coast of facing onto.

The bay, known as Bomb Alley by British forces, was the scene of repeated air attacks by low-flying Argentine jets.The 4,000 men of were put ashore as follows: (2 Para) from the ferry and from the amphibious ship were landed at San Carlos (Blue Beach), (3 Para) from the amphibious ship was landed at (Green Beach) and from was landed at (Red Beach). Notably, the waves of eight and eight were led by Major, who had commanded the Falklands detachment NP8901 from March 1978 to 1979. On the ocean liner was a tactical reserve. Units from the, etc. And armoured reconnaissance vehicles were also put ashore with the landing craft, the and barges. Launchers were carried as underslung loads of for rapid deployment.By dawn the next day, they had established a secure beachhead from which to conduct offensive operations. From there, 's plan was to capture and before turning towards Port Stanley.

Now, with the British troops on the ground, the (Argentina) began the night bombing campaign against them using bomber planes until the last day of the war (14 June). At sea, the paucity of the British ships' anti-aircraft defences was demonstrated in the sinking of on 21 May, on 24 May, and (struck by two AM39 Exocets) on 25 May along with a cargo of, runway-building equipment and tents. The loss of all but one of the helicopters being carried by the Atlantic Conveyor was a severe blow from a logistical perspective.Also lost on this day was, a sister to, whilst in company with after being ordered to act as a decoy to draw away Argentine aircraft from other ships at San Carlos Bay. And were badly damaged. However, many British ships escaped being sunk because of weaknesses of the Argentine pilots' bombing tactics described below.To avoid the highest concentration of British air defences, Argentine pilots released ordnance from very low altitude, and hence their bomb did not have sufficient time to arm before impact. The low release of the (some of which the British had sold to the Argentines years earlier) meant that many never exploded, as there was insufficient time in the air for them to arm themselves.A simple free-fall bomb in a low-altitude release impacts almost directly below the aircraft, which is then within the lethal fragmentation zone of the explosion. A retarded bomb has a small parachute or air brake that opens to reduce the speed of the bomb to produce a safe horizontal separation between the bomb and the aircraft.

The fuze for a retarded bomb requires that the retarder be open a minimum time to ensure safe separation. The pilots would have been aware of this—but due to the high concentration required to avoid, (AAA), and British, many failed to climb to the necessary release point. The Argentine forces solved the problem by fitting improvised, allowing the pilots to effectively employ low-level bombing attacks on 8 June.In his autobiographical account of the Falklands War, Admiral Woodward blamed the for disclosing information that led the Argentines to change the retarding devices on the bombs.

The World Service reported the lack of detonations after receiving a briefing on the matter from a official. He describes the BBC as being more concerned with being 'fearless seekers after truth' than with the lives of British servicemen. Colonel levelled similar accusations against the BBC after they disclosed the impending British attack on Goose Green by 2 Para.Thirteen bombs hit British ships without detonating., the retired, is said to have remarked: 'Six better fuses and we would have lost' although Ardent and Antelope were both lost despite the failure of bombs to explode.The fuzes were functioning correctly, and the bombs were simply released from too low an altitude. The Argentines lost 22 aircraft in the attacks. Goose Green. Main article:By 1 June, with the arrival of a further 5,000 British troops of the 5th Infantry Brigade, the new British divisional commander, Major General RM, had sufficient force to start planning an offensive against.

During this build-up, the Argentine air assaults on the British naval forces continued, killing 56. Of the dead, 32 were from the on and on 8 June. According to Surgeon-Commander of the Falklands Field Hospital, more than 150 men suffered burns and injuries of some kind in the attack, including, famously,.The Guards were sent to support an advance along the southern approach to Stanley. On 2 June, a small advance party of 2 Para moved to Swan Inlet house in a number of Army helicopters. Telephoning ahead to, they discovered that the area was clear of Argentines and (exceeding their authority) commandeered the one remaining helicopter to frantically ferry another contingent of 2 Para ahead to Fitzroy (a settlement on Port Pleasant) and (a settlement on Port Fitzroy). The road to StanleyThis uncoordinated advance caused great difficulties in planning for the commanders of the combined operation, as they now found themselves with 30 miles (48 km) of indefensible positions, strung along their southern flank.

Support could not be sent by air as the single remaining Chinook was already heavily oversubscribed. The soldiers could march, but their equipment and heavy supplies would need to be ferried by sea.Plans were drawn up for half the Welsh Guards to march light on the night of 2 June, whilst the Scots Guards and the second half of the Welsh Guards were to be ferried from San Carlos Water in the (LSL) Sir Tristram and the (LPD) Intrepid on the night of 5 June.

Intrepid was planned to stay one day and unload itself and as much of Sir Tristram as possible, leaving the next evening for the relative safety of San Carlos. Escorts would be provided for this day, after which Sir Tristram would be left to unload using a (a powered raft) for as long as it took to finish.Political pressure from above to not risk the LPD forced Commodore Clapp to alter this plan. Two lower-value LSLs would be sent, but with no suitable beaches to land on, Intrepid 's would need to accompany them to unload. A complicated operation across several nights with Intrepid and her sister ship sailing half-way to dispatch their craft was devised.The attempted overland march by half the Welsh Guards failed, possibly as they refused to march light and attempted to carry their equipment. They returned to San Carlos and landed directly at Bluff Cove when Fearless dispatched her landing craft. Sir Tristram sailed on the night of 6 June and was joined by Sir Galahad at dawn on 7 June.

Anchored 1,200 feet (370 m) apart in Port Pleasant, the landing ships were near Fitzroy, the designated landing point.The landing craft should have been able to unload the ships to that point relatively quickly, but confusion over the ordered disembarkation point (the first half of the Guards going direct to Bluff Cove) resulted in the senior Welsh Guards infantry officer aboard insisting that his troops should be ferried the far longer distance directly to Port Fitzroy/Bluff Cove. The alternative was for the infantrymen to march via the recently repaired Bluff Cove bridge (destroyed by retreating Argentine ) to their destination, a journey of around seven miles (11 km).On Sir Galahad 's stern ramp there was an argument about what to do.

The officers on board were told that they could not sail to Bluff Cove that day. They were told that they had to get their men off ship and onto the beach as soon as possible as the ships were vulnerable to enemy aircraft. It would take 20 minutes to transport the men to shore using the LCU and Mexeflote.

They would then have the choice of walking the seven miles to Bluff Cove or wait until dark to sail there. The officers on board said that they would remain on board until dark and then sail.

They refused to take their men off the ship. They possibly doubted that the bridge had been repaired due to the presence on board Sir Galahad of the Troop whose job it was to repair the bridge. The Welsh Guards were keen to rejoin the rest of their Battalion, who were potentially facing the enemy without their support.

They had also not seen any enemy aircraft since landing at and may have been overconfident in the air defences. Gave a direct order for the men to leave the ship and go to the beach; the order was ignored.The longer journey time of the landing craft taking the troops directly to Bluff Cove and the squabbling over how the landing was to be performed caused an enormous delay in unloading. This had disastrous consequences. Without escorts, having not yet established their air defence, and still almost fully laden, the two LSLs in Port Pleasant were sitting targets for two waves of Argentine.The disaster at Port Pleasant (although often known as Bluff Cove) would provide the world with some of the most sobering images of the war as TV news video footage showed helicopters hovering in thick smoke to winch survivors from the burning landing ships.British casualties were 48 killed and 115 wounded. Three Argentine pilots were also killed.

The air strike delayed the scheduled British ground attack on Stanley by two days. Argentine General, commander of Argentine forces in the Falklands, was told that 900 British soldiers had died. He expected that the losses would cause enemy morale to drop and the British assault to stall.Fall of Stanley. Argentine prisoners of war in Port StanleyOn the night of 11 June, after several days of painstaking reconnaissance and logistic build-up, British forces launched a brigade-sized night attack against the heavily defended ring of high ground surrounding Stanley.

Units of 3 Commando Brigade, supported by naval gunfire from several Royal Navy ships, simultaneously attacked in the,. Mount Harriet was taken at a cost of 2 British and 18 Argentine soldiers. At Two Sisters, the British faced both enemy resistance and, but managed to capture their objectives. The toughest battle was at Mount Longdon. British forces were bogged down by rifle, mortar, machine gun, artillery fire, sniper fire, and ambushes.

Despite this, the British continued their advance.During this battle, 13 were killed when, straying too close to shore while returning from the gun line, was struck by an improvised trailer-based MM38 launcher taken from the destroyer by Argentine Navy technicians. On the same day, Sergeant of 4 Platoon, B Company, 3 Para died in a grenade attack on an Argentine bunker, which earned him a posthumous. After a night of fierce fighting, all objectives were secured. Both sides suffered heavy losses. Hecla at HM Naval Base Gibraltar, during conversion to a hospital ship for service during the Falklands WarBefore British offensive operations began, the British and Argentine governments agreed to establish an area on the high seas where both sides could station hospital ships without fear of attack by the other side. This area, a circle 20 nautical miles in diameter, was referred to as the Red Cross Box ( ), about 45 miles (72 km) north of.

Ultimately, the British stationed four ships (, and and the primary hospital ship ) within the box, while the Argentines stationed three (, and ).The hospital ships were non-warships converted to serve as hospital ships. The three British naval vessels were survey vessels and Uganda was a passenger liner. Almirante Irizar was an icebreaker, Bahia Paraiso was an Antarctic supply transport and Puerto Deseado was a survey ship. The British and Argentine vessels operating within the Box were in radio contact and there was some transfer of patients between the hospital ships. For example, the Uganda on four occasions transferred patients to an Argentine hospital ship. The British naval hospital ships operated as casualty ferries, carrying casualties from both sides from the Falklands to Uganda and operating a shuttle service between the Red Cross Box and,.Throughout the conflict officials of the (ICRC) conducted inspections to verify that all concerned were abiding by the rules of the Geneva Conventions. On 12 June, some personnel were transferred from the Argentine hospital ship to the British ships by helicopter.

Argentine naval officers also inspected the British casualty ferries in the estuary of the.British casualty evacuation Hydra worked with Hecla and Herald to take casualties from Uganda to Montevideo, Uruguay, where a fleet of Uruguayan ambulances met them. Aircraft then flew the casualties to the UK for transfer to the at, near. Aftermath. The inThere are several memorials on the Falkland Islands themselves, the most notable of which is the, unveiled in 1984 on the second anniversary of the end of the war.

It lists the names of the 255 British military personnel who died during the war and is located in front of the Secretariat Building in Stanley, overlooking. The Memorial was funded entirely by the Islanders and is inscribed with the words 'In Memory of Those Who Liberated Us'.In addition to memorials on the islands, there is a memorial in the crypt of, London to the British war dead. The at was opened in March 2000 as a commemoration of the lives and sacrifice of all those who served and died in the South Atlantic in 1982.

In Argentina, there is a memorial at in Buenos Aires, in, and in.During the war, British dead were put into plastic and buried in mass graves. After the war, the bodies were recovered; 14 were reburied at and 64 were returned to the UK.Many of the Argentine dead are buried in the west of the Darwin Settlement. The government of Argentina declined an offer by the UK to have the bodies repatriated to the mainland. Minefields.

Although some minefields have been cleared, a substantial number of them still exist in the islands, such as this one at,.As of 2011, there were 113 uncleared minefields on the Falkland Islands and (UXOs) covering an area of 13 km 2 (5.0 sq mi). Of this area, 5.5 km 2 (2.1 sq mi) on the Murrell Peninsula were classified as being 'suspected minefields'—the area had been heavily pastured for the previous 25 years without incident. It was estimated that these minefields had 20,000 anti-personnel mines and 5,000 anti-tank mines. No human casualties from mines or UXO have been reported in the Falkland Islands since 1984, and no civilian mine casualties have ever occurred on the islands. The UK reported six military personnel were injured in 1982 and a further two injured in 1983. Most military accidents took place while clearing the minefields in the immediate aftermath of the 1982 conflict or in the process of trying to establish the extent of the minefield perimeters, particularly where no detailed records existed.On 9 May 2008, the Falkland Islands Government asserted that the minefields, which represent 0.1% of the available farmland on the islands 'present no long term social or economic difficulties for the Falklands,' and that the impact of clearing the mines would cause more problems than containing them. However, the British Government, in accordance with its commitments under the has a commitment to clear the mines by the end of 2019.

In May 2012, it was announced that 3.7 km 2 (1.4 sq mi) of Stanley Common (which lies between the Stanley – Mount Pleasant road and the shoreline) was made safe and had been opened to the public, opening up a 3 km (1.9 mi) stretch of coastline and a further two kilometres of shoreline along Mullet's Creek. The 2019 deadline has not been achieved but clearance is currently scheduled for completion by 2024. Press and publicity Argentina. The Sun 's infamous Seventeen newspaper reporters, two photographers, two radio reporters and three television reporters with five technicians sailed with the Task Force to the war. The Newspaper Publishers' Association selected them from among 160 applicants, excluding foreign media.The hasty selection resulted in the inclusion of two journalists among the war reporters who were interested only in Queen Elizabeth II's son, who was serving in the conflict.

The Prince flew a helicopter on multiple missions, including, decoy and casualty evacuation.Merchant vessels had the civilian uplink, which enabled written and voice report transmissions via satellite. Had a that was used to upload 202 pictures from the South Atlantic over the course of the war. The Royal Navy leased bandwidth on the U.S. For worldwide communications. Television demands a thousand times the data rate of telephone, but the Ministry of Defence was unsuccessful in convincing the U.S. To allocate more bandwidth.TV producers suspected that the enquiry was half-hearted; since the television pictures of casualties and traumatised soldiers were recognised as having negative propaganda value. However, the technology only allowed uploading a single frame per 20 minutes—and only if the military satellites were allocated 100% to television transmissions.

Videotapes were shipped to Ascension Island, where a broadband satellite uplink was available, resulting in TV coverage being delayed by three weeks.The press was very dependent on the Royal Navy, and was on site. Many reporters in the UK knew more about the war than those with the Task Force. Ministry of Defence press briefings in London were characterised by the restrained dictation-speed delivery of its spokesman,.The Royal Navy expected to conduct a Second World War-style positive news campaign but the majority of the British media, especially the BBC, reported the war in a neutral fashion. These reporters referred to 'the British troops' and 'the Argentinian troops' instead of 'our lads' and the 'Argies'. The two main tabloid papers presented opposing viewpoints: was decidedly anti-war, whilst became well known for headlines such as 'Stick It Up Your Junta!,' which, along with the reporting in other tabloids, led to accusations of xenophobia. The Sun was condemned for its 'Gotcha' headline following the sinking of the.

Cultural impact. Main article:There were wide-ranging influences on popular culture in both the UK and Argentina, from the immediate postwar period to the present. The Argentine writer described the war as 'a fight between two bald men over a comb'. The words and entered the British vernacular as a result of the war. The Falklands War also provided material for theatre, film and TV drama and influenced the output of musicians. In Argentina, the military government banned the broadcasting of music in the English language, giving way to the rise of local rock musicians. See also.